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Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Fortunato Ciardiello, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
We present the results of a phase 2a trial of first-line avelumab (anti–programmed death-ligand 1 antibody) plus cetuximab (anti–EGFR antibody) in patients with advanced squamous NSCLC.
Methods
Patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous NSCLC received avelumab 800 mg (d 1 and 8), cetuximab 250 mg/m2 (d 1) and 500 mg/m2 (d 8), cisplatin 75 mg/m2 (d 1), and gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 (d 1 and 8) for four 3-week cycles, followed by avelumab 800 mg and cetuximab 500 mg/m2 every 2 weeks. The primary end point was the best overall response; the secondary end points were progression-free survival, duration of response, overall survival, and safety. Efficacy analyses were reported from an updated data cutoff.
Results
A total of 43 patients were enrolled. The median follow-up was 6.6 months for the primary analyses and 9.2 months for the efficacy analyses. In the efficacy analyses, 15 patients had a confirmed partial response (objective response rate, 34.9% [95% confidence interval: 21.0%–50.9%]), and the median duration of response was 7.1 months (95% confidence interval: 4.2–12.5 mo). The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 6.1 months and 10.0 months, respectively. In the safety analyses (primary analysis), 38 patients (88.4%) had a treatment-related adverse event, of whom 24 (55.8%) had a grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse event.
Conclusions
The combination of avelumab + cetuximab and chemotherapy showed antitumor activity and tolerable safety; however, the ORR was not improved compared with those reported for current standards of care (NCT03717155).
Since 2015, the availability of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)–based treatments has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. For targeted therapies, the selection is on the basis of histologic subtype (squamous versus nonsquamous) and the presence of actionable mutations (e.g., EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements). In the absence of mutations, ICIs (as monotherapy or combination regimens) are preferred treatment options for advanced NSCLC in the first- (1L) and second-line (2L) settings.
Pembrolizumab, cemiplimab (both anti–programmed cell death protein-1 [anti–PD-1]), and atezolizumab (anti–programmed death-ligand 1 [anti–PD-L1]) monotherapy are recommended 1L options for patients with squamous and nonsquamous tumors with greater than or equal to 50% PD-L1 expression.
Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial.
LBA78 - IMpower110: interim overall survival (OS) analysis of a phase III study of atezolizumab (atezo) vs platinum-based chemotherapy (chemo) as first-line (1L) treatment (tx) in PD-L1–selected NSCLC.
Cemiplimab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50%: a multicentre, open-label, global, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial.
Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, atezolizumab plus chemotherapy, and nivolumab (anti–PD-1) plus ipilimumab (anti–CTLA4) plus chemotherapy are also recommended 1L options for advanced squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC irrespective of PD-L1 expression (chemotherapy combinations are tailored to histologic subtype).
Atezolizumab in combination with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower130): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (anti–vascular endothelial growth factor) and chemotherapy is also approved as 1L treatment but only for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC.
Avelumab is an anti–PD-L1 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (monotherapy, 1L or later) and advanced urothelial carcinoma (monotherapy, 1L maintenance or 2L), and in combination with axitinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma (1L).
Avelumab has also exhibited clinical activity and tolerable safety in patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC (1L and 2L), including patients with squamous tumors.
Efficacy and safety of first-line avelumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results from a phase Ib cohort of the JAVELIN Solid Tumor study.
Avelumab for patients with previously treated metastatic or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): dose-expansion cohort of a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b trial.
Avelumab versus docetaxel in patients with platinum-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Lung 200): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study.
Preclinical evidence suggests that ICIs in combination with cetuximab (an anti–EGFR) may provide enhanced antitumor activity compared with either therapy alone.
Rationale for combination of therapeutic antibodies targeting tumor cells and immune checkpoint receptors: harnessing innate and adaptive immunity through IgG1 isotype immune effector stimulation.
Furthermore, several clinical studies, including the phase 3 FLEX study of cetuximab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone, have exhibited synergy for cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy as 1L treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC, most notably in a subpopulation of patients with EGFR-expressing squamous tumors.
Phase II selection design trial of concurrent chemotherapy and cetuximab versus chemotherapy followed by cetuximab in advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: Southwest Oncology Group study S0342.
Cetuximab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab versus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in advanced NSCLC (SWOG S0819): a randomised, phase 3 study.
EGFR expression as a predictor of survival for first-line chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of data from the phase 3 FLEX study.
These findings provided the rationale for assessing the efficacy and safety of avelumab in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy in patients with advanced squamous NSCLC.
Materials and Methods
Study Design and Patients
This was a phase 2a, single-arm, multicenter trial of 1L avelumab plus cetuximab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin in patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older and had histologically confirmed, EGFR/ALK–wild-type, stage IV, metastatic or recurrent squamous NSCLC with no previous systemic treatment for metastatic disease. Patients were also required to have a European Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, available tumor tissue for biomarker assessment, and adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal function. Patients with brain metastases were not eligible unless their brain metastases had been treated locally and were clinically stable for at least 4 weeks before enrollment, they had no ongoing neurologic symptoms, and they were either not receiving steroids or receiving a decreased dose of prednisone (or equivalent) less than or equal to 10 mg daily.
The study protocol and amendments were approved by institutional review boards and ethics committees at each institution. The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, and the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent.
Procedures and Assessments
Patients were treated with four 3-week cycles of avelumab 800 mg intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8, cetuximab 250 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and 500 mg/m2 on day 8, cisplatin 75 mg/m2 IV on day 1, and gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 8. Patients then received maintenance treatment with avelumab 800 mg plus cetuximab 500 mg/m2 every 2 weeks until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity, or study withdrawal. Patients receiving avelumab were permitted to have modifications of infusion rate in the event of infusion-related reactions (IRRs), but dose reductions were not permitted. The protocol was amended on May 6, 2019, so patients could switch from cisplatin to carboplatin in the event of unmanageable cisplatin-related toxicity.
The primary end point was confirmed best overall response (BOR) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.1, per investigator assessment. The secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS) and duration of response (DOR) according to RECIST 1.1 per investigator assessment, overall survival (OS), and safety. Exploratory biomarker analyses tested PD-L1 expression or EGFR gene amplification status in archival tumor samples (<6 mo old) or fresh baseline tumor samples obtained from a nonirradiated area. Definitions of all end points are given in the Supplementary Methods. The PD-L1 expression level was categorized using less than 1%, 1% to less than 50%, 50% to less than 80%, and greater than or equal to 80% expression cutoffs per the PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 73-10 assay (Agilent; Santa Clara, CA). EGFR fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) status was assessed using the Vysis EGFR/chromosome 7 centromere (CEP 7) FISH Probe Kit (Abbott Molecular; Libertyville, IL). In brief, five histopathologically representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections were selected. Within each region, an average of 10 nuclei were selected for analysis, for a total of 50 nuclei. The number of EGFR and CEP 7 signals was counted for each selected nucleus. Interpretation of the EGFR FISH results was done according to previously published criteria.
Cases identified as EGFR “high polysome” had at least 40% of counted nuclei with greater than or equal to four EGFR signals. EGFR “amplified” was defined by one of the following criteria: (1) EGFR to CEP7 ratio greater than or equal to two over all scored nuclei; (2) greater than or equal to 15 copies of the EGFR signal in greater than or equal to 10% of counted nuclei; or (3) presence of gene cluster (closely spaced groupings of ≥4 spots) in greater than or equal to 10% of counted nuclei. Positive EGFR FISH tumors included those with EGFR amplified or high-polysome status (both defined on the basis of previously published criteria
); negative EGFR FISH status was defined as no amplification of EGFR or no high-polysome status. All biomarker analyses were prespecified, and testing was performed centrally; PD-L1 IHC was performed at Q2S (Scotland, United Kingdom), whereas EGFR IHC and FISH were tested centrally at Targos (Germany).
Tumors were assessed radiologically by the investigator per RECIST 1.1 every 9 weeks postbaseline for the first 6 months, then every 12 weeks thereafter. Safety was assessed at each treatment visit, and adverse events (AEs) were coded in accordance with Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities, version 21.0 or higher, and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for AEs, version 5.0. IRRs (including drug hypersensitivity reactions) and immune-related AEs were identified as AEs of special interest for avelumab.
Outcomes were reported using three data cutoff dates. The primary analysis was on the basis of a data cutoff date of July 2, 2020. Other analyses, including patient disposition and efficacy analyses (except analyses of tumor shrinkage), were reported using an updated data cutoff date of November 4, 2020. OS and PFS were also further characterized at final analysis, with a data cutoff date of June 25, 2021.
Statistical Analysis
Enrollment of approximately 40 patients was planned; however, no formal statistical hypotheses were tested. The probability to observe greater than or equal to 18 patients with an objective response rate (ORR) of 45.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.3%–61.5%) was 78.5%, assuming a true response rate of 50% (a clinically relevant effect). If the true response rate was 30% (a nonrelevant effect), the probability of observing at least 18 patients with a response was 3.2%. If 18 patients responded, the posterior probability for a true response rate of at least 40% (a minimum relevant effect) was 75%.
Results
Patient Characteristics and Disposition
In total, 43 patients received at least one dose of avelumab, cetuximab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin; 34 patients (79.1%) received four cycles of chemotherapy, and two patients (4.7%) switched from cisplatin to carboplatin because of cisplatin-related toxicity (Supplementary Fig. 1). Baseline characteristics and demographics (on the basis of the primary analysis) are presented in Table 1. The median patient age was 65 years (range: 41–72 y), and 35 patients (81.4%) were men. At baseline, most patients had recurrent disease (93.0%), and the remainder (7.0%) had de novo metastatic disease. More than half of all patients (55.8%) had intrathoracic metastasis. No patients had brain metastases, nine patients (20.9%) had bone metastases, and seven patients (16.3%) had liver metastases. The PD-L1 expression level was 1% to less than 50% in 16 patients (37.2%), 50% to less than 80% in four patients (9.3%), 80% or higher in 10 patients (23.3%), and less than 1% in 13 patients (30.2%). A total of 15 patients (34.9%) had EGFR FISH–positive tumors. The median follow-up was 6.6 months for the primary analysis (range: 0.3–18.2 mo) and 9.2 months (range: 0.3–21.4 mo) for the updated analysis; the median follow-up was not calculated for the final analysis. Of the 43 patients, 34 (79.1%) received avelumab plus cetuximab in the maintenance phase; among these patients, the median duration of overall treatment was 6.0 months (range: 3.7–12.8 mo), and the duration of maintenance treatment was 3.2 months (range: 0.9–10.1 mo).
Table 1Patient Baseline Characteristics (Data Cutoff: July 2, 2020)
Negative EGFR FISH status is defined as no amplification of EGFR or no “high-polysome” status; positive EGFR FISH status is defined as amplification of EGFR or “high-polysome” status.
Negative
28 (65.1)
Positive
15 (34.9)
PD-L1 expression cutoff, n (%)
<1%
13 (30.2)
≥1% to <50%
16 (37.2)
≥50% to <80%
4 (9.3)
≥80%
10 (23.3)
ECOG PS, European Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1.
a Negative EGFR FISH status is defined as no amplification of EGFR or no “high-polysome” status; positive EGFR FISH status is defined as amplification of EGFR or “high-polysome” status.
At the updated data cutoff, eight patients (18.6%) remained on treatment. The most common reason for discontinuing avelumab or cetuximab was progressive disease (n = 21 [48.8%] and n = 19 [44.2%], respectively).
Efficacy
The efficacy outcomes from the primary analysis are presented in Supplementary Table 1. In the updated analysis, 15 patients had a confirmed BOR of partial response (PR), resulting in a confirmed ORR of 34.9% (95% CI: 21.0%–50.9%) (Table 2). A total of 23 patients had an unconfirmed BOR of PR, resulting in an unconfirmed ORR of 53.5% (95% CI: 37.7%–68.8%). For confirmed responses, the median DOR was 7.1 months (95% CI: 4.2–12.5 mo), and the median time to response was 9.0 weeks (range: 5.9–18.1 weeks), consistent with the timing of the first on-study tumor assessment. The proportion of patients with a response lasting at least 6 months was 69.2% (95% CI: 37.3%–87.2%), and the proportion of those with a response lasting at least 12 months was 23.7% (95% CI: 3.9%–52.9%). Of the 39 patients assessable for change in tumor size, 35 (89.7%) had tumor shrinkage (Fig. 1) and 23 (59.0%) had tumor shrinkage of at least 30% (Fig. 1). At data cutoff, 21 patients were progression free for more than 24 weeks; of these, four were censored without progression reported (Fig. 2A). The median PFS was 6.1 months (95% CI: 4.3–9.0 mo), and the 6- and 12-month PFS was 57.6% (95% CI: 40.3%–71.6%) and 8.5% (95% CI: 1.6%–23.2%), respectively (Fig. 2B). The median OS was 10.0 months (95% CI: 8.6–17.1 months), and the 6-, 12-, and 18-month OS was 85.7% (95% CI: 70.9%–93.3%), 40.9% (95% CI: 24.6%–56.6%), and 23.4% (95% CI: 6.2%–46.9%), respectively (Fig. 3). At the final PFS analysis, the median PFS was consistent with the previous analysis (median, 6.1 mo; 95% CI: 4.3–9.0 mo); the 6- and 12-month PFS rates were 57.6% and 17.6%, respectively, and no patients were progression free by 18 months (Supplementary Table 2). The median OS at the final analysis was 10.1 months (95% CI: 8.6–14.5 mo); the 6-month OS rate was consistent with the previous analysis (85.7%; 95% CI: 70.9%–93.3%), whereas the 12-, 18-, and 24-month OS rates were 41.6% (95% CI: 26.6%–56.0%), 27.4% (95% CI: 14.4%–42.2%), and 21.9% (95% CI: 9.3%–38.0%), respectively (Supplementary Table 2).
Table 2Confirmed and Unconfirmed BOR (Data Cutoff: November 4, 2020)
Confirmed BOR (n = 43)
Unconfirmed BOR (n = 43)
Complete response
0
0
Partial response
15 (34.9)
23 (53.5)
Stable disease
19 (44.2)
12 (27.9)
Progressive disease
4 (9.3)
4 (9.3)
Not evaluable
5 (11.6)
4 (9.3)
ORR (95% CI), %
34.9 (21.0–50.9)
53.5 (37.7–68.8)
DCR (95% CI), %
79.1 (64.0–90.0)
81.4 (66.6–91.6)
Note: All values are n (%) unless otherwise specified.
BOR, best overall response; CI, confidence interval; DCR, disease control rate; ORR, objective response rate.
Figure 2(A) Time to PFS per patient and (B) Kaplan-Meier analysis of PFS (data cutoff, November 4, 2020; N = 43). CI, confidence interval; PFS, progression-free survival.
Subgroup analyses were on the basis of the primary analysis. ORRs were generally consistent across all subgroups. However, a numerically higher ORR was observed in patients with EGFR FISH–positive–versus negative tumors (40.0%; 95% CI: 16.3%–67.7% versus 25.0%; 95% CI: 10.7%–44.9%, respectively) (Supplementary Fig. 2). The median PFS was 4.4 months (95% CI: 2.3–6.2 mo) in patients with 1% to less than 50% tumor PD-L1 expression, 8.1 months (95% CI: 4.3–11.9 mo) in patients with 50% to less than 80% PD-L1 expression, and not estimable (95% CI: 2.0 mo–not estimable) in patients with greater than or equal to 80% PD-L1 expression. In patients with EGFR FISH–positive or –negative tumors, the median PFS was 6.2 months (95% CI: 4.2–11.8 mo) and 4.4 months (95% CI: 4.1–11.9 mo), respectively. Tumor shrinkage occurred irrespective of EGFR FISH status or PD-L1 status (Supplementary Fig. 3A and B).
Safety
Safety was evaluated using the primary analysis (Table 3). Of the 43 patients, 40 (93.0%) had an AE of any grade, of whom 38 (88.4%) had a treatment-related AE (TRAE) attributed to any study treatment. The most common TRAEs of any grade were rash (n = 20 [46.5%]), anemia (n = 18 [41.9%]), and neutropenia (n = 15 [34.9%]). TRAEs attributed to avelumab, cetuximab, gemcitabine, or cisplatin occurred in 20 (46.5%), 33 (76.7%), 30 (69.8%), and 34 patients (79.1%), respectively. A total of 24 patients (55.8%) had a grade 3 or higher TRAE; the most common grade 3 or higher TRAEs are presented in Table 3. Grade 3 or higher TRAEs related to avelumab, cetuximab, gemcitabine, or cisplatin occurred in five (11.6%), 12 (27.9%), 18 (41.9%), and 17 patients (39.5%), respectively. Both patients who switched from cisplatin to carboplatin had grade 3 or higher TRAEs related to carboplatin. TRAEs leading to permanent discontinuation of any treatment occurred in seven patients (16.3%); increased blood creatinine was the most common (n = 2 [4.7%]). TRAEs leading to permanent discontinuation of avelumab, cetuximab, gemcitabine, or cisplatin occurred in two (4.7%), four (9.3%), two (4.7%), and four patients (9.3%), respectively. Nine patients (20.9%) had serious TRAEs that were related to avelumab, cetuximab, gemcitabine, or cisplatin in one (2.3%), three (7.0%), five (11.6%), and six patients (14.0%), respectively; one of two patients had a serious AE related to carboplatin. For AEs of special interest, 10 patients (23.3%) had an immune-related AE, and four patients (9.3%) had an IRR. One patient (2.3%) died owing to a TRAE, which was reported as being of unknown cause and attributed to all four treatments; the investigator reported that the death was treatment related owing to the inability to exclude causality; however, the underlying cancer was believed to be the most likely cause.
Table 3TRAEs Occurring in At Least Two Patients (Data Cutoff: July 2, 2020; N = 43)
This phase 2a study assessed 1L avelumab plus cetuximab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin followed by avelumab plus cetuximab maintenance in 43 patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. A total of 15 patients had a BOR of PR, resulting in a confirmed ORR of 34.9%. The study did not achieve a confirmed ORR of greater than or equal to 45.0%; therefore, the effect of the combination was not considered clinically meaningful. The median PFS was 6.1 months, and the median OS was 10.0 months.
Although cross-trial comparisons should be interpreted with caution, the confirmed ORR in this trial was numerically lower than those reported in phase 3 trials of ICIs in combination with chemotherapy as 1L treatment in advanced squamous NSCLC. In phase 3 trials of chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-407), atezolizumab (IMpower131), sintilimab (anti–PD-1; ORIENT-12), or tislelizumab (anti–PD-1; RATIONALE 307) followed by ICI maintenance, ORRs were 58%, 49%, 45%, and approximately 70%, respectively.
Sintilimab plus platinum and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for advanced or metastatic squamous NSCLC: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial (ORIENT-12).
Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial.
However, the ORR reported in a trial of nivolumab in combination with chemotherapy and ipilimumab (anti–CTLA-4; CheckMate 9LA) of 38% was comparable to this study.
First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
In addition, similar response rates were reported in phase 3 trials of targeted therapies in combination with chemotherapy as 1L treatment for advanced NSCLC. In a trial of chemotherapy with or without cetuximab or bevacizumab (anti–vascular endothelial growth factor; Southwest Oncology Group S0819), the ORR in patients with squamous histology was 39%; in a trial of necitumumab (anti–EGFR) plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with squamous NSCLC (SQUIRE), the ORR was 31%.
Cetuximab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab versus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in advanced NSCLC (SWOG S0819): a randomised, phase 3 study.
Necitumumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin versus gemcitabine and cisplatin alone as first-line therapy in patients with stage IV squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (SQUIRE): an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial.
In this trial, the unconfirmed ORR was 53.5%, whereas approximately 19% of patients had an initial response that was unconfirmed, indicating that the DOR was limited. In addition, relatively few patients had tumors with greater than or equal to 50% PD-L1 expression (33%) or EGFR FISH positivity (35%), which are factors associated with response to avelumab and cetuximab in NSCLC, respectively.
EGFR expression as a predictor of survival for first-line chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of data from the phase 3 FLEX study.
The role of PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker: an analysis of all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
A previous study also found that EGFR FISH status was a predictive factor for response in patients with NSCLC receiving treatment with cetuximab plus chemotherapy.
Increased EGFR gene copy number detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization predicts outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with cetuximab and chemotherapy.
In addition, in the phase 3 trial of chemotherapy with or without cetuximab and/or bevacizumab, ORRs in patients with squamous tumors treated with cetuximab were slightly higher in those with EGFR FISH–positive versus nonpositive tumors (46% versus 36%, respectively).
Cetuximab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab versus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in advanced NSCLC (SWOG S0819): a randomised, phase 3 study.
In this study, a numerically higher confirmed ORR was observed in patients with EGFR FISH–positive versus –negative tumors (40% versus 25%, respectively), although the CIs overlapped. In addition, increased PFS was observed in patients with PD-L1–high tumors, consistent with previous trials of ICIs in NSCLC.
Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial.
Efficacy and safety of first-line avelumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results from a phase Ib cohort of the JAVELIN Solid Tumor study.
Avelumab versus docetaxel in patients with platinum-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Lung 200): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study.
Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial.
Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial.
Cetuximab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab versus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in advanced NSCLC (SWOG S0819): a randomised, phase 3 study.
However, patient numbers in subgroup analyses were small, hindering interpretation.
The combination regimen assessed in this study had a tolerable safety profile, and no additional safety signals were observed compared with previous trials of avelumab and cetuximab in NSCLC.
Efficacy and safety of first-line avelumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results from a phase Ib cohort of the JAVELIN Solid Tumor study.
Avelumab for patients with previously treated metastatic or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): dose-expansion cohort of a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b trial.
Avelumab versus docetaxel in patients with platinum-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Lung 200): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study.
Cetuximab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab versus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in advanced NSCLC (SWOG S0819): a randomised, phase 3 study.
Of the 43 patients, 24 (56%) had a grade 3 or higher TRAE.
In conclusion, the treatment regimen of avelumab in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy as 1L treatment for squamous NSCLC revealed antitumor activity, with no new safety signals. On the basis of a predefined statistical threshold, the combination did not achieve a clinically meaningful treatment effect; however, clinical outcomes were comparable to trials of other targeted therapies with chemotherapy in squamous NSCLC.
CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement
Zoran Andric, Klaus Duecker, Andreas Schroeder, Guelseren Guezel, Fortunato Ciardiello: Conceptualization.
Dongli Zhou: Formal analysis, Data curation.
Zoran Andric, Gabriella Gálffy, Manuel Cobo Dols, Barna Szima, Goran Stojanovic, Marina Petrovic, Enriqueta Felip, David Vicente Baz, Santiago Ponce Aix, Oscar Juan-Vidal, Zsuzsanna Szalai, Gyorgy Losonczy, Antonio Calles Blanco, Reyes Bernabe, Gema García Ledo, Andrés Aguilar Hernández, Klaus Duecker, Dongli Zhou, Andreas Schroeder, Guelseren Guezel, Fortunato Ciardiello: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Approval of the final draft.
Acknowledgments
This study was sponsored by the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (CrossRef Funder ID: 10.13039/100009945) as part of an alliance between the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and Pfizer. Employees of the sponsor are coauthors of this manuscript and contributed to the design, execution, interpretation of the analyses, writing the report, and the decision to submit the article for publication, along with other coauthors. We thank the patients and their families, the investigators, co-investigators, and study teams at each participating center and the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Medical writing support was provided by Abhijith Thippeswamy of ClinicalThinking and funded by the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (CrossRef Funder ID: 10.13039/100009945) and Pfizer.
Data Availability Statement
Any requests for data by qualified scientific and medical researchers for legitimate research purposes will be subject to the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany’s (CrossRef Funder ID: 10.13039/100009945) Data Sharing Policy. All requests should be submitted in writing to the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany’s data sharing portal (https://www.emdgroup.com/en/research/our-approach-to-research-and-development/healthcare/clinical-trials/commitment-responsible-data-sharing.html). When the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany has a co-research, co-development, or co-marketing or co-promotion agreement, or when the product has been out-licensed, the responsibility for disclosure might be dependent on the agreement between parties. Under these circumstances, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany will endeavor to gain agreement to share data in response to requests.
Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial.
LBA78 - IMpower110: interim overall survival (OS) analysis of a phase III study of atezolizumab (atezo) vs platinum-based chemotherapy (chemo) as first-line (1L) treatment (tx) in PD-L1–selected NSCLC.
Cemiplimab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50%: a multicentre, open-label, global, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial.
Atezolizumab in combination with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower130): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
Efficacy and safety of first-line avelumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results from a phase Ib cohort of the JAVELIN Solid Tumor study.
Avelumab for patients with previously treated metastatic or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): dose-expansion cohort of a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b trial.
Avelumab versus docetaxel in patients with platinum-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Lung 200): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study.
Rationale for combination of therapeutic antibodies targeting tumor cells and immune checkpoint receptors: harnessing innate and adaptive immunity through IgG1 isotype immune effector stimulation.
Phase II selection design trial of concurrent chemotherapy and cetuximab versus chemotherapy followed by cetuximab in advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: Southwest Oncology Group study S0342.
Cetuximab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab versus carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in advanced NSCLC (SWOG S0819): a randomised, phase 3 study.
EGFR expression as a predictor of survival for first-line chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of data from the phase 3 FLEX study.
Sintilimab plus platinum and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for advanced or metastatic squamous NSCLC: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial (ORIENT-12).
Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial.
Necitumumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin versus gemcitabine and cisplatin alone as first-line therapy in patients with stage IV squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (SQUIRE): an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial.
The role of PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker: an analysis of all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Increased EGFR gene copy number detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization predicts outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with cetuximab and chemotherapy.
Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial.
Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial.
Disclosure: Dr Gálffy reports having an advisory or consultancy role, participating in a speakers bureau, and receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, Pfizer, and Roche. Dr Szima reports receiving research grant or funding from IQVIA. Dr Felip reports participating in a speakers bureau and having an advisory or consultancy role for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Medscape, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Takeda; participated in speakers bureau for CME Outfitters, PeerVoice, Prime Oncology, Springer, and touchIME; had advisory or consultancy role for AbbVie, Amgen, Bayer, Blueprint Medicines, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Puma Biotechnology, and Sanofi Genzyme; received research grant or funding from the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; and is a member of the board of directors for Grifols. Dr Vincente Baz reports having a consulting or advisory role and receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, Pfizer, and Roche. Dr Ponce Aix reports having a consultancy or advisory role, giving expert testimony, participating in a speakers bureau, and receiving honoraria from Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey and Roche; had consultancy or advisory role, gave expert testimony, and participated in a speakers bureau for Bristol-Myers Squibb; and received honoraria from AstraZeneca. Dr Juan-Vidal reports having a consultancy or advisory role, participating in a speaker’s bureau, and receiving honoraria from Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey; having consultancy or advisory role, and participating in a speakers bureau for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Roche/Genentech; had consultancy or advisory role for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Takeda; and received honoraria from Roche. Dr Szalai reports having a consulting or advisory role for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr Calles Blanco reports having consulting or advisory roles and receiving honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, Roche, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda. Dr Bernabe reports receiving a research grant or funding from Roche. Drs Duecker, Guezel, and Schroeder are employees of and report stock ownership in the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Dr Zhou is an employee of Merck Serono (Beijing) Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd. Beijing, China, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and reports stock ownership in the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Dr Ciardiello reports having consultancy or advisory roles and receiving a research grant or funding from Amgen, Bayer, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and Roche; had consultancy or advisory roles for Pfizer, Servier, and Symphogen; and received research grant or funding from Ipsen. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.
Cite this article as: Andric Z, Gálffy G, Cobo Dols M, et al. Avelumab in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2023;4:100461.
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